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爬虫之UserAgent
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UserAgent简介
UserAgent中文名为用户代理，是Http协议中的一部分，属于头域的组成部分，UserAgent也简称UA。它是一个特殊字符串头，是一种向访问网站提供你所使用的浏览器类型及版本、操作系统及版本、浏览器内核、等信息的标识。通过这个标识，用户所访问的网站可以显示不同的排版从而为用户提供更好的体验或者进行信息统计；例如用手机访问谷歌和电脑访问是不一样的，这些是谷歌根据访问者的UA来判断的。UA可以进行伪装。
浏览器的UA字串的标准格式：浏览器标识(操作系统标识;加密等级标识;浏览器语言)渲染引擎标识版本信息。但各个浏览器有所不同。
我们在做爬虫的时候，不是通过浏览器正常访问，所以会被很多网站禁止访问，这个时候我们就需要手动在headers里加上UA属性，来伪装成浏览器进行访问。
常见的UserAgent值1. PC端：
safari5.1–MAC
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Macintosh;U;IntelMacOSX10_6_8;en-us)AppleWebKit/534.50(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.1Safari/534.50safari5.1–Windows
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Windows;U;WindowsNT6.1;en-us)AppleWebKit/534.50(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.1Safari/534.50IE9.0
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(compatible;MSIE9.0;WindowsNT6.1;Trident/5.0;IE8.0
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE8.0;WindowsNT6.0;Trident/4.0)IE7.0
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT6.0)IE6.0
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE6.0;WindowsNT5.1)Firefox4.0.1–MAC
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Macintosh;IntelMacOSX10.6;rv:2.0.1)Gecko/20100101Firefox/4.0.1Firefox4.0.1–Windows
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(WindowsNT6.1;rv:2.0.1)Gecko/20100101Firefox/4.0.1Opera11.11–MAC
User-Agent:Opera/9.80(Macintosh;IntelMacOSX10.6.8;U;en)Presto/2.8.131Version/11.11Opera11.11–Windows
User-Agent:Opera/9.80(WindowsNT6.1;U;en)Presto/2.8.131Version/11.11Chrome17.0–MAC
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Macintosh;IntelMacOSX10_7_0)AppleWebKit/535.11(KHTML,likeGecko)Chrome/17.0.963.56Safari/535.11傲游（Maxthon）
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;Maxthon2.0)腾讯TT
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;TencentTraveler4.0)世界之窗（TheWorld）2.x
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1)世界之窗（TheWorld）3.x
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;TheWorld)搜狗浏览器1.x
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;Trident/4.0;SE2.XMetaSr1.0;SE2.XMetaSr1.0;.NETCLR2.0.50727;SE2.XMetaSr1.0)360浏览器
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;360SE)Avant
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;AvantBrowser)GreenBrowser
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1)2、移动设备端：
safariiOS4.33–iPhone
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(iPhone;U;CPUiPhoneOS4_3_3likeMacOSX;en-us)AppleWebKit/533.17.9(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.0.2Mobile/8J2Safari/6533.18.5safariiOS4.33–iPodTouch
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(iPod;U;CPUiPhoneOS4_3_3likeMacOSX;en-us)AppleWebKit/533.17.9(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.0.2Mobile/8J2Safari/6533.18.5safariiOS4.33–iPad
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(iPad;U;CPUOS4_3_3likeMacOSX;en-us)AppleWebKit/533.17.9(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.0.2Mobile/8J2Safari/6533.18.5AndroidN1
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Linux;U;Android2.3.7;en-us;NexusOneBuild/FRF91)AppleWebKit/533.1(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/4.0MobileSafari/533.1AndroidQQ浏览器Forandroid
User-Agent:MQQBrowser/26Mozilla/5.0(Linux;U;Android2.3.7;zh-cn;MB200Build/GRJ22;CyanogenMod-7)AppleWebKit/533.1(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/4.0MobileSafari/533.1AndroidOperaMobile
User-Agent:Opera/9.80(Android2.3.4;Linux;OperaMobi/build-1107180945;U;en-GB)Presto/2.8.149Version/11.10AndroidPadMotoXoom
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Linux;U;Android3.0;en-us;XoomBuild/HRI39)AppleWebKit/534.13(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/4.0Safari/534.13BlackBerry
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(BlackBerry;U;BlackBerry9800;en)AppleWebKit/534.1+(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/6.0.0.337MobileSafari/534.1+WebOSHPTouchpad
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(hp-tablet;Linux;hpwOS/3.0.0;U;en-US)AppleWebKit/534.6(KHTML,likeGecko)wOSBrowser/233.70Safari/534.6TouchPad/1.0NokiaN97
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(SymbianOS/9.4;Series60/5.0NokiaN97-1/20.0.019;Profile/MIDP-2.1Configuration/CLDC-1.1)AppleWebKit/525(KHTML,likeGecko)BrowserNG/7.1.18124WindowsPhoneMango
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(compatible;MSIE9.0;WindowsPhoneOS7.5;Trident/5.0;IEMobile/9.0;HTC;Titan)UC无
User-Agent:UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999UC标准
User-Agent:NOKIA5700/UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999UCOpenwave
User-Agent:Openwave/UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999UCOpera
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE6.0;)Opera/UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999
1. PC端：
safari5.1–MAC
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Macintosh;U;IntelMacOSX10_6_8;en-us)AppleWebKit/534.50(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.1Safari/534.50safari5.1–Windows
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Windows;U;WindowsNT6.1;en-us)AppleWebKit/534.50(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.1Safari/534.50IE9.0
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(compatible;MSIE9.0;WindowsNT6.1;Trident/5.0;IE8.0
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE8.0;WindowsNT6.0;Trident/4.0)IE7.0
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT6.0)IE6.0
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE6.0;WindowsNT5.1)Firefox4.0.1–MAC
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Macintosh;IntelMacOSX10.6;rv:2.0.1)Gecko/20100101Firefox/4.0.1Firefox4.0.1–Windows
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(WindowsNT6.1;rv:2.0.1)Gecko/20100101Firefox/4.0.1Opera11.11–MAC
User-Agent:Opera/9.80(Macintosh;IntelMacOSX10.6.8;U;en)Presto/2.8.131Version/11.11Opera11.11–Windows
User-Agent:Opera/9.80(WindowsNT6.1;U;en)Presto/2.8.131Version/11.11Chrome17.0–MAC
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Macintosh;IntelMacOSX10_7_0)AppleWebKit/535.11(KHTML,likeGecko)Chrome/17.0.963.56Safari/535.11傲游（Maxthon）
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;Maxthon2.0)腾讯TT
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;TencentTraveler4.0)世界之窗（TheWorld）2.x
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1)世界之窗（TheWorld）3.x
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;TheWorld)搜狗浏览器1.x
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;Trident/4.0;SE2.XMetaSr1.0;SE2.XMetaSr1.0;.NETCLR2.0.50727;SE2.XMetaSr1.0)360浏览器
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;360SE)Avant
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1;AvantBrowser)GreenBrowser
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE7.0;WindowsNT5.1)2、移动设备端：
safariiOS4.33–iPhone
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(iPhone;U;CPUiPhoneOS4_3_3likeMacOSX;en-us)AppleWebKit/533.17.9(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.0.2Mobile/8J2Safari/6533.18.5safariiOS4.33–iPodTouch
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(iPod;U;CPUiPhoneOS4_3_3likeMacOSX;en-us)AppleWebKit/533.17.9(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.0.2Mobile/8J2Safari/6533.18.5safariiOS4.33–iPad
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(iPad;U;CPUOS4_3_3likeMacOSX;en-us)AppleWebKit/533.17.9(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.0.2Mobile/8J2Safari/6533.18.5AndroidN1
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Linux;U;Android2.3.7;en-us;NexusOneBuild/FRF91)AppleWebKit/533.1(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/4.0MobileSafari/533.1AndroidQQ浏览器Forandroid
User-Agent:MQQBrowser/26Mozilla/5.0(Linux;U;Android2.3.7;zh-cn;MB200Build/GRJ22;CyanogenMod-7)AppleWebKit/533.1(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/4.0MobileSafari/533.1AndroidOperaMobile
User-Agent:Opera/9.80(Android2.3.4;Linux;OperaMobi/build-1107180945;U;en-GB)Presto/2.8.149Version/11.10AndroidPadMotoXoom
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(Linux;U;Android3.0;en-us;XoomBuild/HRI39)AppleWebKit/534.13(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/4.0Safari/534.13BlackBerry
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(BlackBerry;U;BlackBerry9800;en)AppleWebKit/534.1+(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/6.0.0.337MobileSafari/534.1+WebOSHPTouchpad
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(hp-tablet;Linux;hpwOS/3.0.0;U;en-US)AppleWebKit/534.6(KHTML,likeGecko)wOSBrowser/233.70Safari/534.6TouchPad/1.0NokiaN97
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(SymbianOS/9.4;Series60/5.0NokiaN97-1/20.0.019;Profile/MIDP-2.1Configuration/CLDC-1.1)AppleWebKit/525(KHTML,likeGecko)BrowserNG/7.1.18124WindowsPhoneMango
User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0(compatible;MSIE9.0;WindowsPhoneOS7.5;Trident/5.0;IEMobile/9.0;HTC;Titan)UC无
User-Agent:UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999UC标准
User-Agent:NOKIA5700/UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999UCOpenwave
User-Agent:Openwave/UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999UCOpera
User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE6.0;)Opera/UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999
我们用的时候直接复制即可，放到headers里的对应User-Agent参数
UserAgent的两种添加方法
1 直接定义一个headers字典，然后传递给Request类来实例化一个对象，然后在传给urlopen，格式如下：
from urllib import requesturl = 'http://baidu.com'headers = {'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0(iPhone;U;CPUiPhoneOS4_3_3likeMacOSX;en-us)AppleWebKit/533.17.9(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.0.2Mobile/8J2Safari/6533.18.5'}req = request.Request(url,headers=headers)
response = request.urlopen(req)print(response.read().decode())
2.使用add_header()方法
from urllib import requesturl = 'http://baidu.com'req = request.Request(url)
req.add_header('User-Agent','Mozilla/5.0(iPhone;U;CPUiPhoneOS4_3_3likeMacOSX;en-us)AppleWebKit/533.17.9(KHTML,likeGecko)Version/5.0.2Mobile/8J2Safari/6533.18.5')
response = request.urlopen(req)print(response.read().decode())
注意：add_header()方法，接收的是两个参数，分别为键值对的兼和值，而非一个字典
