正文
Linux 基础操作命令
小程序：扫一扫查出行【扫一扫了解最新限行尾号】
复制小程序
安装系统
光盘安装：略过；
U盘安装：使用usbwriter将下载的IOS刻录到U盘中，然后安装（略过）；
网络安装：使用kickstart软件，重点在于写好一个ks.cfg的一个应答文件（略过）；
忘记密码的解决办法
https://www.cnblogs.com/wangzengyi/p/12492108.html
关机和注销
shutdown -h now 立刻关机
shutdown -r now 立刻重启
shutdown -h + 1分钟后关机（重启同样用法）
shutdown -h : 11点钟关机（重启同样用法）
shutdown -c 取消关机
shutdown -k 只发送关机告警不是真关机；
logout 退出当前用户，注销用户（ctrl+d）
exit 退出当前用户，注销用户（ctrl+d）
光标控制命令
ctrl+a 光标回到首行；
ctrl+e 光标回到行尾；
ctrl+k 剪切或删除 光标到行尾的字符；
ctrl+u 剪切或删除 光标到行首的字符；
ctrl+w 剪切或删除 光标前的一个单词；
ctrl+y 粘贴ctrl+k ctrl+u ctrl+w剪切的文本；
ctrl+c 中断正在执行的任务或者删除本行；
crtl+d 相当于exit
#复制和粘贴命令根据操作系统不同命令也不同，具体使用前先通过鼠标操作复制粘贴确认正确的快捷键以后再使用，防止误操作；
帮助命令
man 命令
命令 --help
help 系统命令
搜索命令引擎使用顺序：www.google.com--->www.bing.com--->www.baidu.com
显示日期时间的命令
显示日期时间的命令
[root@client ~]# date
2020年 02月 28日 星期五 :: CST
[root@client ~]# date +%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S
--28-01:54:
显示日历
[root@client ~]# cal #不加参数显示当前日期的日历
二月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六
[root@client ~]# cal #加上月份和年份
一月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六
[root@client ~]# cal # 加上年份
一月 二月 三月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六
……(以下内容省略)……
手动修改日期时间的命令
[root@client ~]# date -R #查看当前时区
Fri, Feb :: +
[root@client ~]# tzselect #修改当前时区
[root@client ~]# ls -l /etc/localtime #时区的存储文件位置
lrwxrwxrwx. root root 3月 /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai
[root@client ~]# date -s // #手动设置日期
2020年 03月 01日 星期日 :: CST
[root@client ~]# date -s :: #手动设置时间
2020年 03月 01日 星期日 :: CST
[root@client ~]# hwclock -w #将当前时间和日期写入blos，防止重启后丢失。
[root@client ~]# hwclock -r #查看当前硬件时间
2020年03月01日 星期日 10时03分15秒 -0.454916 秒
自动同步时间
#1. 自动同步时间的前提是找到NTP服务器，如下为NTP服务器
#中国国家授时中心：210.72.145.44 ----暂时无法使用
#NTP服务器(上海) ：ntp.api.bz
#中国ntp服务器：cn.pool.ntp.org
#pool.ntp.org
#2. 时间同步工具
#rdate -s
#ntpdate -u(使用-u参数会返回误差，也可以使用-s)
#3. 自动同步时间举例：
[root@client ~]# tzselect #配置正确时区
[root@client ~]# /usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org #同步时间
[root@client ~]# hwclock -w #将时间写入blos
#4. 将以上自动同步时间加入开机启动校验
vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
/usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org> /dev/null >&; /sbin/hwclock -w
#5. 将以上自动同步时间写入定时任务执行
vim /etc/crontab 或者 crontab -e
* * * root /usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org > /dev/null >&; /sbin/hwclock -w
计算器
[root@client ~]# bc
bc 1.06.
Copyright -, , , , , Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
For details type `warranty'.
+2 #输入1+2
3 #得出结果
*/+(+)
quit #退出计算器的命令
[root@client ~]#
修改主机名
[root@client ~]# hostname study.linux.com #修改主机名立即生效
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hostname #永久保存，或者编辑vim /etc/sysconfig/network
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hosts #增加新的主机名和127.0.0.1的解析
[root@client ~]# hostname #查看主机名
study.linux.com
[root@client ~]# ping study.linux.com #检查效果，修改成功
PING client.immomo.com (127.0.0.1) () bytes of data.
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.017 ms
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.030 ms
^C
--- client.immomo.com ping statistics ---
packets transmitted, received, % packet loss, time 999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.017/0.023/0.030/0.008 ms
[root@client ~]# #这里的提示符是需要注销后重新登录才能改变成新主机名的
查看内存的特殊指令
sudo dmidecode|grep -P -A5 "Memory Device" |grep Size #查看内存槽数、哪个槽位插了内存，大小是多少
sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep "Maximum Capacity" #查看最大支持内存数
sudo dmidecode|grep -A16 "Memory Device"|grep 'Speed' #查看内存速率
查看CPU的特殊指令
物理CPU个数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "physical id"|sort |uniq|wc -l
每个CPU物理核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "cpu cores"|uniq
每个CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "siblings"|uniq
总CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep -c "processor"
CPU配置信息：frank@ubuntu:~/test/python$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : #系统中逻辑处理核的编号
vendor_id : GenuineIntel #CPU制造商
cpu family : #CPU产品系列代号
model : #CPU属于其系列中的哪一代的代号
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5- v4 @ .20GHz #CPU属于的名字及其编号、标称主频
stepping : #CPU属于制作更新版本
microcode : 0xb00001f
cpu MHz : 2199.900 #CPU的实际使用主频
cache size : KB #CPU二级缓存大小
physical id : #单个CPU的标号
siblings : #一个物理CPU中的逻辑核数
core id : #当前物理核在其所处CPU中的编号，这个编号不一定连续
cpu cores : #一个物理CPU中的物理核数
apicid : #用来区分不同逻辑核的编号，系统中每个逻辑核的此编号必然不同，此编号不一定连续
查看版本
cat /proc/version
cat /etc/redhat-release
uname -a
查看Linux系统有哪些硬件
[root@study log]# lspci
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev )
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev )
[root@study log]# lspci -v
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
Flags: fast devsel
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev ) (prog-if 8a [ISA Compatibility mode controller, supports both channels switched to PCI native mode, supports bus mastering])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency
[virtual] Memory at 000001f0 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at 000003f0 (type , non-prefetchable)
[virtual] Memory at (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at (type , non-prefetchable)
I/O ports at d000 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: ata_piix
Kernel modules: ata_piix, pata_acpi, ata_generic
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter (prog-if [VGA controller])
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
Memory at e0000000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16M]
Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled]
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
Subsystem: Intel Corporation PRO/ MT Desktop Adapter
Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0000000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K]
I/O ports at d010 [size=]
Capabilities: [dc] Power Management version
Capabilities: [e4] PCI-X non-bridge device
Kernel driver in use: e1000
Kernel modules: e1000
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
I/O ports at d020 [size=]
Memory at f0400000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at f0800000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
Subsystem: Dell Device
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d100 [size=]
I/O ports at d200 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: snd_intel8x0
Kernel modules: snd_intel8x0
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB (prog-if [OHCI])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0804000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
Kernel driver in use: ohci-pci
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
Flags: medium devsel, IRQ
Kernel driver in use: piix4_smbus
Kernel modules: i2c_piix4
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev ) (prog-if [AHCI 1.0])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d240 [size=]
I/O ports at d248 [size=]
I/O ports at d250 [size=]
I/O ports at d258 [size=]
I/O ports at d260 [size=]
Memory at f0806000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K]
Capabilities: [] Power Management version
Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA v1.
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci
[root@study log]#
lspci
修改语系
shutdown -h now 立刻关机
shutdown -r now 立刻重启
shutdown -h + 1分钟后关机（重启同样用法）
shutdown -h : 11点钟关机（重启同样用法）
shutdown -c 取消关机
shutdown -k 只发送关机告警不是真关机；
logout 退出当前用户，注销用户（ctrl+d）
exit 退出当前用户，注销用户（ctrl+d）
ctrl+a 光标回到首行；
ctrl+e 光标回到行尾；
ctrl+k 剪切或删除 光标到行尾的字符；
ctrl+u 剪切或删除 光标到行首的字符；
ctrl+w 剪切或删除 光标前的一个单词；
ctrl+y 粘贴ctrl+k ctrl+u ctrl+w剪切的文本；
ctrl+c 中断正在执行的任务或者删除本行；
crtl+d 相当于exit
#复制和粘贴命令根据操作系统不同命令也不同，具体使用前先通过鼠标操作复制粘贴确认正确的快捷键以后再使用，防止误操作；
帮助命令
man 命令
命令 --help
help 系统命令
搜索命令引擎使用顺序：www.google.com--->www.bing.com--->www.baidu.com
显示日期时间的命令
显示日期时间的命令
[root@client ~]# date
2020年 02月 28日 星期五 :: CST
[root@client ~]# date +%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S
--28-01:54:
显示日历
[root@client ~]# cal #不加参数显示当前日期的日历
二月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六
[root@client ~]# cal #加上月份和年份
一月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六
[root@client ~]# cal # 加上年份
一月 二月 三月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六
……(以下内容省略)……
手动修改日期时间的命令
[root@client ~]# date -R #查看当前时区
Fri, Feb :: +
[root@client ~]# tzselect #修改当前时区
[root@client ~]# ls -l /etc/localtime #时区的存储文件位置
lrwxrwxrwx. root root 3月 /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai
[root@client ~]# date -s // #手动设置日期
2020年 03月 01日 星期日 :: CST
[root@client ~]# date -s :: #手动设置时间
2020年 03月 01日 星期日 :: CST
[root@client ~]# hwclock -w #将当前时间和日期写入blos，防止重启后丢失。
[root@client ~]# hwclock -r #查看当前硬件时间
2020年03月01日 星期日 10时03分15秒 -0.454916 秒
自动同步时间
#1. 自动同步时间的前提是找到NTP服务器，如下为NTP服务器
#中国国家授时中心：210.72.145.44 ----暂时无法使用
#NTP服务器(上海) ：ntp.api.bz
#中国ntp服务器：cn.pool.ntp.org
#pool.ntp.org
#2. 时间同步工具
#rdate -s
#ntpdate -u(使用-u参数会返回误差，也可以使用-s)
#3. 自动同步时间举例：
[root@client ~]# tzselect #配置正确时区
[root@client ~]# /usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org #同步时间
[root@client ~]# hwclock -w #将时间写入blos
#4. 将以上自动同步时间加入开机启动校验
vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
/usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org> /dev/null >&; /sbin/hwclock -w
#5. 将以上自动同步时间写入定时任务执行
vim /etc/crontab 或者 crontab -e
* * * root /usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org > /dev/null >&; /sbin/hwclock -w
计算器
[root@client ~]# bc
bc 1.06.
Copyright -, , , , , Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
For details type `warranty'.
+2 #输入1+2
3 #得出结果
*/+(+)
quit #退出计算器的命令
[root@client ~]#
修改主机名
[root@client ~]# hostname study.linux.com #修改主机名立即生效
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hostname #永久保存，或者编辑vim /etc/sysconfig/network
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hosts #增加新的主机名和127.0.0.1的解析
[root@client ~]# hostname #查看主机名
study.linux.com
[root@client ~]# ping study.linux.com #检查效果，修改成功
PING client.immomo.com (127.0.0.1) () bytes of data.
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.017 ms
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.030 ms
^C
--- client.immomo.com ping statistics ---
packets transmitted, received, % packet loss, time 999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.017/0.023/0.030/0.008 ms
[root@client ~]# #这里的提示符是需要注销后重新登录才能改变成新主机名的
查看内存的特殊指令
sudo dmidecode|grep -P -A5 "Memory Device" |grep Size #查看内存槽数、哪个槽位插了内存，大小是多少
sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep "Maximum Capacity" #查看最大支持内存数
sudo dmidecode|grep -A16 "Memory Device"|grep 'Speed' #查看内存速率
查看CPU的特殊指令
物理CPU个数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "physical id"|sort |uniq|wc -l
每个CPU物理核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "cpu cores"|uniq
每个CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "siblings"|uniq
总CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep -c "processor"
CPU配置信息：frank@ubuntu:~/test/python$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : #系统中逻辑处理核的编号
vendor_id : GenuineIntel #CPU制造商
cpu family : #CPU产品系列代号
model : #CPU属于其系列中的哪一代的代号
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5- v4 @ .20GHz #CPU属于的名字及其编号、标称主频
stepping : #CPU属于制作更新版本
microcode : 0xb00001f
cpu MHz : 2199.900 #CPU的实际使用主频
cache size : KB #CPU二级缓存大小
physical id : #单个CPU的标号
siblings : #一个物理CPU中的逻辑核数
core id : #当前物理核在其所处CPU中的编号，这个编号不一定连续
cpu cores : #一个物理CPU中的物理核数
apicid : #用来区分不同逻辑核的编号，系统中每个逻辑核的此编号必然不同，此编号不一定连续
查看版本
cat /proc/version
cat /etc/redhat-release
uname -a
查看Linux系统有哪些硬件
[root@study log]# lspci
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev )
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev )
[root@study log]# lspci -v
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
Flags: fast devsel
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev ) (prog-if 8a [ISA Compatibility mode controller, supports both channels switched to PCI native mode, supports bus mastering])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency
[virtual] Memory at 000001f0 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at 000003f0 (type , non-prefetchable)
[virtual] Memory at (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at (type , non-prefetchable)
I/O ports at d000 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: ata_piix
Kernel modules: ata_piix, pata_acpi, ata_generic
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter (prog-if [VGA controller])
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
Memory at e0000000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16M]
Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled]
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
Subsystem: Intel Corporation PRO/ MT Desktop Adapter
Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0000000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K]
I/O ports at d010 [size=]
Capabilities: [dc] Power Management version
Capabilities: [e4] PCI-X non-bridge device
Kernel driver in use: e1000
Kernel modules: e1000
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
I/O ports at d020 [size=]
Memory at f0400000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at f0800000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
Subsystem: Dell Device
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d100 [size=]
I/O ports at d200 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: snd_intel8x0
Kernel modules: snd_intel8x0
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB (prog-if [OHCI])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0804000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
Kernel driver in use: ohci-pci
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
Flags: medium devsel, IRQ
Kernel driver in use: piix4_smbus
Kernel modules: i2c_piix4
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev ) (prog-if [AHCI 1.0])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d240 [size=]
I/O ports at d248 [size=]
I/O ports at d250 [size=]
I/O ports at d258 [size=]
I/O ports at d260 [size=]
Memory at f0806000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K]
Capabilities: [] Power Management version
Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA v1.
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci
[root@study log]#
lspci
修改语系
man 命令
命令 --help
help 系统命令
搜索命令引擎使用顺序：www.google.com--->www.bing.com--->www.baidu.com
显示日期时间的命令
[root@client ~]# date
2020年 02月 28日 星期五 :: CST
[root@client ~]# date +%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S
--28-01:54:
显示日历
[root@client ~]# cal #不加参数显示当前日期的日历
二月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六
[root@client ~]# cal #加上月份和年份
一月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六
[root@client ~]# cal # 加上年份
一月 二月 三月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六
……(以下内容省略)……
手动修改日期时间的命令
[root@client ~]# date -R #查看当前时区
Fri, Feb :: +
[root@client ~]# tzselect #修改当前时区
[root@client ~]# ls -l /etc/localtime #时区的存储文件位置
lrwxrwxrwx. root root 3月 /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai
[root@client ~]# date -s // #手动设置日期
2020年 03月 01日 星期日 :: CST
[root@client ~]# date -s :: #手动设置时间
2020年 03月 01日 星期日 :: CST
[root@client ~]# hwclock -w #将当前时间和日期写入blos，防止重启后丢失。
[root@client ~]# hwclock -r #查看当前硬件时间
2020年03月01日 星期日 10时03分15秒 -0.454916 秒
自动同步时间
#1. 自动同步时间的前提是找到NTP服务器，如下为NTP服务器
#中国国家授时中心：210.72.145.44 ----暂时无法使用
#NTP服务器(上海) ：ntp.api.bz
#中国ntp服务器：cn.pool.ntp.org
#pool.ntp.org
#2. 时间同步工具
#rdate -s
#ntpdate -u(使用-u参数会返回误差，也可以使用-s)
#3. 自动同步时间举例：
[root@client ~]# tzselect #配置正确时区
[root@client ~]# /usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org #同步时间
[root@client ~]# hwclock -w #将时间写入blos
#4. 将以上自动同步时间加入开机启动校验
vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
/usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org> /dev/null >&; /sbin/hwclock -w
#5. 将以上自动同步时间写入定时任务执行
vim /etc/crontab 或者 crontab -e
* * * root /usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org > /dev/null >&; /sbin/hwclock -w
计算器
[root@client ~]# bc
bc 1.06.
Copyright -, , , , , Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
For details type `warranty'.
+2 #输入1+2
3 #得出结果
*/+(+)
quit #退出计算器的命令
[root@client ~]#
修改主机名
[root@client ~]# hostname study.linux.com #修改主机名立即生效
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hostname #永久保存，或者编辑vim /etc/sysconfig/network
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hosts #增加新的主机名和127.0.0.1的解析
[root@client ~]# hostname #查看主机名
study.linux.com
[root@client ~]# ping study.linux.com #检查效果，修改成功
PING client.immomo.com (127.0.0.1) () bytes of data.
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.017 ms
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.030 ms
^C
--- client.immomo.com ping statistics ---
packets transmitted, received, % packet loss, time 999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.017/0.023/0.030/0.008 ms
[root@client ~]# #这里的提示符是需要注销后重新登录才能改变成新主机名的
查看内存的特殊指令
sudo dmidecode|grep -P -A5 "Memory Device" |grep Size #查看内存槽数、哪个槽位插了内存，大小是多少
sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep "Maximum Capacity" #查看最大支持内存数
sudo dmidecode|grep -A16 "Memory Device"|grep 'Speed' #查看内存速率
查看CPU的特殊指令
物理CPU个数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "physical id"|sort |uniq|wc -l
每个CPU物理核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "cpu cores"|uniq
每个CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "siblings"|uniq
总CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep -c "processor"
CPU配置信息：frank@ubuntu:~/test/python$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : #系统中逻辑处理核的编号
vendor_id : GenuineIntel #CPU制造商
cpu family : #CPU产品系列代号
model : #CPU属于其系列中的哪一代的代号
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5- v4 @ .20GHz #CPU属于的名字及其编号、标称主频
stepping : #CPU属于制作更新版本
microcode : 0xb00001f
cpu MHz : 2199.900 #CPU的实际使用主频
cache size : KB #CPU二级缓存大小
physical id : #单个CPU的标号
siblings : #一个物理CPU中的逻辑核数
core id : #当前物理核在其所处CPU中的编号，这个编号不一定连续
cpu cores : #一个物理CPU中的物理核数
apicid : #用来区分不同逻辑核的编号，系统中每个逻辑核的此编号必然不同，此编号不一定连续
查看版本
cat /proc/version
cat /etc/redhat-release
uname -a
查看Linux系统有哪些硬件
[root@study log]# lspci
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev )
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev )
[root@study log]# lspci -v
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
Flags: fast devsel
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev ) (prog-if 8a [ISA Compatibility mode controller, supports both channels switched to PCI native mode, supports bus mastering])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency
[virtual] Memory at 000001f0 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at 000003f0 (type , non-prefetchable)
[virtual] Memory at (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at (type , non-prefetchable)
I/O ports at d000 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: ata_piix
Kernel modules: ata_piix, pata_acpi, ata_generic
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter (prog-if [VGA controller])
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
Memory at e0000000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16M]
Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled]
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
Subsystem: Intel Corporation PRO/ MT Desktop Adapter
Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0000000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K]
I/O ports at d010 [size=]
Capabilities: [dc] Power Management version
Capabilities: [e4] PCI-X non-bridge device
Kernel driver in use: e1000
Kernel modules: e1000
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
I/O ports at d020 [size=]
Memory at f0400000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at f0800000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
Subsystem: Dell Device
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d100 [size=]
I/O ports at d200 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: snd_intel8x0
Kernel modules: snd_intel8x0
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB (prog-if [OHCI])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0804000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
Kernel driver in use: ohci-pci
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
Flags: medium devsel, IRQ
Kernel driver in use: piix4_smbus
Kernel modules: i2c_piix4
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev ) (prog-if [AHCI 1.0])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d240 [size=]
I/O ports at d248 [size=]
I/O ports at d250 [size=]
I/O ports at d258 [size=]
I/O ports at d260 [size=]
Memory at f0806000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K]
Capabilities: [] Power Management version
Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA v1.
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci
[root@study log]#
lspci
修改语系
[root@client ~]# date
2020年 02月 28日 星期五 :: CST
[root@client ~]# date +%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S
--28-01:54:
[root@client ~]# cal #不加参数显示当前日期的日历
二月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六 [root@client ~]# cal #加上月份和年份
一月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六 [root@client ~]# cal # 加上年份 一月 二月 三月
日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六 日 一 二 三 四 五 六 ……(以下内容省略)……
手动修改日期时间的命令
[root@client ~]# date -R #查看当前时区
Fri, Feb :: +
[root@client ~]# tzselect #修改当前时区
[root@client ~]# ls -l /etc/localtime #时区的存储文件位置
lrwxrwxrwx. root root 3月 /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai
[root@client ~]# date -s // #手动设置日期
2020年 03月 01日 星期日 :: CST
[root@client ~]# date -s :: #手动设置时间
2020年 03月 01日 星期日 :: CST
[root@client ~]# hwclock -w #将当前时间和日期写入blos，防止重启后丢失。
[root@client ~]# hwclock -r #查看当前硬件时间
2020年03月01日 星期日 10时03分15秒 -0.454916 秒
自动同步时间
#1. 自动同步时间的前提是找到NTP服务器，如下为NTP服务器
#中国国家授时中心：210.72.145.44 ----暂时无法使用
#NTP服务器(上海) ：ntp.api.bz
#中国ntp服务器：cn.pool.ntp.org
#pool.ntp.org
#2. 时间同步工具
#rdate -s
#ntpdate -u(使用-u参数会返回误差，也可以使用-s)
#3. 自动同步时间举例：
[root@client ~]# tzselect #配置正确时区
[root@client ~]# /usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org #同步时间
[root@client ~]# hwclock -w #将时间写入blos
#4. 将以上自动同步时间加入开机启动校验
vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
/usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org> /dev/null >&; /sbin/hwclock -w
#5. 将以上自动同步时间写入定时任务执行
vim /etc/crontab 或者 crontab -e
* * * root /usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org > /dev/null >&; /sbin/hwclock -w
计算器
[root@client ~]# bc
bc 1.06.
Copyright -, , , , , Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
For details type `warranty'.
+2 #输入1+2
3 #得出结果
*/+(+)
quit #退出计算器的命令
[root@client ~]#
修改主机名
[root@client ~]# hostname study.linux.com #修改主机名立即生效
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hostname #永久保存，或者编辑vim /etc/sysconfig/network
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hosts #增加新的主机名和127.0.0.1的解析
[root@client ~]# hostname #查看主机名
study.linux.com
[root@client ~]# ping study.linux.com #检查效果，修改成功
PING client.immomo.com (127.0.0.1) () bytes of data.
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.017 ms
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.030 ms
^C
--- client.immomo.com ping statistics ---
packets transmitted, received, % packet loss, time 999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.017/0.023/0.030/0.008 ms
[root@client ~]# #这里的提示符是需要注销后重新登录才能改变成新主机名的
查看内存的特殊指令
sudo dmidecode|grep -P -A5 "Memory Device" |grep Size #查看内存槽数、哪个槽位插了内存，大小是多少
sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep "Maximum Capacity" #查看最大支持内存数
sudo dmidecode|grep -A16 "Memory Device"|grep 'Speed' #查看内存速率
查看CPU的特殊指令
物理CPU个数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "physical id"|sort |uniq|wc -l
每个CPU物理核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "cpu cores"|uniq
每个CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "siblings"|uniq
总CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep -c "processor"
CPU配置信息：frank@ubuntu:~/test/python$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : #系统中逻辑处理核的编号
vendor_id : GenuineIntel #CPU制造商
cpu family : #CPU产品系列代号
model : #CPU属于其系列中的哪一代的代号
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5- v4 @ .20GHz #CPU属于的名字及其编号、标称主频
stepping : #CPU属于制作更新版本
microcode : 0xb00001f
cpu MHz : 2199.900 #CPU的实际使用主频
cache size : KB #CPU二级缓存大小
physical id : #单个CPU的标号
siblings : #一个物理CPU中的逻辑核数
core id : #当前物理核在其所处CPU中的编号，这个编号不一定连续
cpu cores : #一个物理CPU中的物理核数
apicid : #用来区分不同逻辑核的编号，系统中每个逻辑核的此编号必然不同，此编号不一定连续
查看版本
cat /proc/version
cat /etc/redhat-release
uname -a
查看Linux系统有哪些硬件
[root@study log]# lspci
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev )
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev )
[root@study log]# lspci -v
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
Flags: fast devsel
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev ) (prog-if 8a [ISA Compatibility mode controller, supports both channels switched to PCI native mode, supports bus mastering])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency
[virtual] Memory at 000001f0 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at 000003f0 (type , non-prefetchable)
[virtual] Memory at (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at (type , non-prefetchable)
I/O ports at d000 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: ata_piix
Kernel modules: ata_piix, pata_acpi, ata_generic
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter (prog-if [VGA controller])
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
Memory at e0000000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16M]
Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled]
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
Subsystem: Intel Corporation PRO/ MT Desktop Adapter
Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0000000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K]
I/O ports at d010 [size=]
Capabilities: [dc] Power Management version
Capabilities: [e4] PCI-X non-bridge device
Kernel driver in use: e1000
Kernel modules: e1000
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
I/O ports at d020 [size=]
Memory at f0400000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at f0800000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
Subsystem: Dell Device
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d100 [size=]
I/O ports at d200 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: snd_intel8x0
Kernel modules: snd_intel8x0
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB (prog-if [OHCI])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0804000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
Kernel driver in use: ohci-pci
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
Flags: medium devsel, IRQ
Kernel driver in use: piix4_smbus
Kernel modules: i2c_piix4
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev ) (prog-if [AHCI 1.0])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d240 [size=]
I/O ports at d248 [size=]
I/O ports at d250 [size=]
I/O ports at d258 [size=]
I/O ports at d260 [size=]
Memory at f0806000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K]
Capabilities: [] Power Management version
Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA v1.
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci
[root@study log]#
lspci
修改语系
[root@client ~]# date -R #查看当前时区
Fri, Feb :: + [root@client ~]# tzselect #修改当前时区 [root@client ~]# ls -l /etc/localtime #时区的存储文件位置
lrwxrwxrwx. root root 3月 /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai [root@client ~]# date -s // #手动设置日期
2020年 03月 01日 星期日 :: CST
[root@client ~]# date -s :: #手动设置时间
2020年 03月 01日 星期日 :: CST [root@client ~]# hwclock -w #将当前时间和日期写入blos，防止重启后丢失。
[root@client ~]# hwclock -r #查看当前硬件时间
2020年03月01日 星期日 10时03分15秒 -0.454916 秒
#1. 自动同步时间的前提是找到NTP服务器，如下为NTP服务器
#中国国家授时中心：210.72.145.44 ----暂时无法使用
#NTP服务器(上海) ：ntp.api.bz
#中国ntp服务器：cn.pool.ntp.org
#pool.ntp.org #2. 时间同步工具
#rdate -s
#ntpdate -u(使用-u参数会返回误差，也可以使用-s) #3. 自动同步时间举例：
[root@client ~]# tzselect #配置正确时区
[root@client ~]# /usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org #同步时间
[root@client ~]# hwclock -w #将时间写入blos #4. 将以上自动同步时间加入开机启动校验
vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
/usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org> /dev/null >&; /sbin/hwclock -w #5. 将以上自动同步时间写入定时任务执行
vim /etc/crontab 或者 crontab -e
* * * root /usr/sbin/ntpdate -u cn.pool.ntp.org > /dev/null >&; /sbin/hwclock -w
计算器
[root@client ~]# bc
bc 1.06.
Copyright -, , , , , Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
For details type `warranty'.
+2 #输入1+2
3 #得出结果
*/+(+)
quit #退出计算器的命令
[root@client ~]#
修改主机名
[root@client ~]# hostname study.linux.com #修改主机名立即生效
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hostname #永久保存，或者编辑vim /etc/sysconfig/network
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hosts #增加新的主机名和127.0.0.1的解析
[root@client ~]# hostname #查看主机名
study.linux.com
[root@client ~]# ping study.linux.com #检查效果，修改成功
PING client.immomo.com (127.0.0.1) () bytes of data.
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.017 ms
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.030 ms
^C
--- client.immomo.com ping statistics ---
packets transmitted, received, % packet loss, time 999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.017/0.023/0.030/0.008 ms
[root@client ~]# #这里的提示符是需要注销后重新登录才能改变成新主机名的
查看内存的特殊指令
sudo dmidecode|grep -P -A5 "Memory Device" |grep Size #查看内存槽数、哪个槽位插了内存，大小是多少
sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep "Maximum Capacity" #查看最大支持内存数
sudo dmidecode|grep -A16 "Memory Device"|grep 'Speed' #查看内存速率
查看CPU的特殊指令
物理CPU个数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "physical id"|sort |uniq|wc -l
每个CPU物理核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "cpu cores"|uniq
每个CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "siblings"|uniq
总CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep -c "processor"
CPU配置信息：frank@ubuntu:~/test/python$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : #系统中逻辑处理核的编号
vendor_id : GenuineIntel #CPU制造商
cpu family : #CPU产品系列代号
model : #CPU属于其系列中的哪一代的代号
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5- v4 @ .20GHz #CPU属于的名字及其编号、标称主频
stepping : #CPU属于制作更新版本
microcode : 0xb00001f
cpu MHz : 2199.900 #CPU的实际使用主频
cache size : KB #CPU二级缓存大小
physical id : #单个CPU的标号
siblings : #一个物理CPU中的逻辑核数
core id : #当前物理核在其所处CPU中的编号，这个编号不一定连续
cpu cores : #一个物理CPU中的物理核数
apicid : #用来区分不同逻辑核的编号，系统中每个逻辑核的此编号必然不同，此编号不一定连续
查看版本
cat /proc/version
cat /etc/redhat-release
uname -a
查看Linux系统有哪些硬件
[root@study log]# lspci
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev )
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev )
[root@study log]# lspci -v
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
Flags: fast devsel
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev ) (prog-if 8a [ISA Compatibility mode controller, supports both channels switched to PCI native mode, supports bus mastering])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency
[virtual] Memory at 000001f0 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at 000003f0 (type , non-prefetchable)
[virtual] Memory at (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at (type , non-prefetchable)
I/O ports at d000 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: ata_piix
Kernel modules: ata_piix, pata_acpi, ata_generic
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter (prog-if [VGA controller])
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
Memory at e0000000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16M]
Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled]
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
Subsystem: Intel Corporation PRO/ MT Desktop Adapter
Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0000000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K]
I/O ports at d010 [size=]
Capabilities: [dc] Power Management version
Capabilities: [e4] PCI-X non-bridge device
Kernel driver in use: e1000
Kernel modules: e1000
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
I/O ports at d020 [size=]
Memory at f0400000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at f0800000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
Subsystem: Dell Device
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d100 [size=]
I/O ports at d200 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: snd_intel8x0
Kernel modules: snd_intel8x0
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB (prog-if [OHCI])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0804000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
Kernel driver in use: ohci-pci
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
Flags: medium devsel, IRQ
Kernel driver in use: piix4_smbus
Kernel modules: i2c_piix4
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev ) (prog-if [AHCI 1.0])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d240 [size=]
I/O ports at d248 [size=]
I/O ports at d250 [size=]
I/O ports at d258 [size=]
I/O ports at d260 [size=]
Memory at f0806000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K]
Capabilities: [] Power Management version
Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA v1.
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci
[root@study log]#
lspci
修改语系
[root@client ~]# bc
bc 1.06.
Copyright -, , , , , Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
For details type `warranty'.
+2 #输入1+2
3 #得出结果
*/+(+) quit #退出计算器的命令
[root@client ~]#
[root@client ~]# hostname study.linux.com #修改主机名立即生效
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hostname #永久保存，或者编辑vim /etc/sysconfig/network
[root@client ~]# vim /etc/hosts #增加新的主机名和127.0.0.1的解析
[root@client ~]# hostname #查看主机名
study.linux.com
[root@client ~]# ping study.linux.com #检查效果，修改成功
PING client.immomo.com (127.0.0.1) () bytes of data.
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.017 ms
bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq= ttl= time=0.030 ms
^C
--- client.immomo.com ping statistics ---
packets transmitted, received, % packet loss, time 999ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.017/0.023/0.030/0.008 ms
[root@client ~]# #这里的提示符是需要注销后重新登录才能改变成新主机名的
查看内存的特殊指令
sudo dmidecode|grep -P -A5 "Memory Device" |grep Size #查看内存槽数、哪个槽位插了内存，大小是多少
sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep "Maximum Capacity" #查看最大支持内存数
sudo dmidecode|grep -A16 "Memory Device"|grep 'Speed' #查看内存速率
查看CPU的特殊指令
物理CPU个数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "physical id"|sort |uniq|wc -l
每个CPU物理核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "cpu cores"|uniq
每个CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "siblings"|uniq
总CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep -c "processor"
CPU配置信息：frank@ubuntu:~/test/python$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : #系统中逻辑处理核的编号
vendor_id : GenuineIntel #CPU制造商
cpu family : #CPU产品系列代号
model : #CPU属于其系列中的哪一代的代号
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5- v4 @ .20GHz #CPU属于的名字及其编号、标称主频
stepping : #CPU属于制作更新版本
microcode : 0xb00001f
cpu MHz : 2199.900 #CPU的实际使用主频
cache size : KB #CPU二级缓存大小
physical id : #单个CPU的标号
siblings : #一个物理CPU中的逻辑核数
core id : #当前物理核在其所处CPU中的编号，这个编号不一定连续
cpu cores : #一个物理CPU中的物理核数
apicid : #用来区分不同逻辑核的编号，系统中每个逻辑核的此编号必然不同，此编号不一定连续
查看版本
cat /proc/version
cat /etc/redhat-release
uname -a
查看Linux系统有哪些硬件
[root@study log]# lspci
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev )
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev )
[root@study log]# lspci -v
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
Flags: fast devsel
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev ) (prog-if 8a [ISA Compatibility mode controller, supports both channels switched to PCI native mode, supports bus mastering])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency
[virtual] Memory at 000001f0 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at 000003f0 (type , non-prefetchable)
[virtual] Memory at (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at (type , non-prefetchable)
I/O ports at d000 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: ata_piix
Kernel modules: ata_piix, pata_acpi, ata_generic
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter (prog-if [VGA controller])
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
Memory at e0000000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16M]
Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled]
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
Subsystem: Intel Corporation PRO/ MT Desktop Adapter
Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0000000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K]
I/O ports at d010 [size=]
Capabilities: [dc] Power Management version
Capabilities: [e4] PCI-X non-bridge device
Kernel driver in use: e1000
Kernel modules: e1000
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
I/O ports at d020 [size=]
Memory at f0400000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at f0800000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
Subsystem: Dell Device
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d100 [size=]
I/O ports at d200 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: snd_intel8x0
Kernel modules: snd_intel8x0
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB (prog-if [OHCI])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0804000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
Kernel driver in use: ohci-pci
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
Flags: medium devsel, IRQ
Kernel driver in use: piix4_smbus
Kernel modules: i2c_piix4
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev ) (prog-if [AHCI 1.0])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d240 [size=]
I/O ports at d248 [size=]
I/O ports at d250 [size=]
I/O ports at d258 [size=]
I/O ports at d260 [size=]
Memory at f0806000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K]
Capabilities: [] Power Management version
Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA v1.
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci
[root@study log]#
lspci
修改语系
sudo dmidecode|grep -P -A5 "Memory Device" |grep Size #查看内存槽数、哪个槽位插了内存，大小是多少
sudo dmidecode -t memory |grep "Maximum Capacity" #查看最大支持内存数
sudo dmidecode|grep -A16 "Memory Device"|grep 'Speed' #查看内存速率
物理CPU个数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "physical id"|sort |uniq|wc -l
每个CPU物理核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "cpu cores"|uniq
每个CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep "siblings"|uniq
总CPU逻辑核数： cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep -c "processor"
CPU配置信息：frank@ubuntu:~/test/python$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : #系统中逻辑处理核的编号
vendor_id : GenuineIntel #CPU制造商
cpu family : #CPU产品系列代号
model : #CPU属于其系列中的哪一代的代号
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5- v4 @ .20GHz #CPU属于的名字及其编号、标称主频
stepping : #CPU属于制作更新版本
microcode : 0xb00001f
cpu MHz : 2199.900 #CPU的实际使用主频
cache size : KB #CPU二级缓存大小
physical id : #单个CPU的标号
siblings : #一个物理CPU中的逻辑核数
core id : #当前物理核在其所处CPU中的编号，这个编号不一定连续
cpu cores : #一个物理CPU中的物理核数
apicid : #用来区分不同逻辑核的编号，系统中每个逻辑核的此编号必然不同，此编号不一定连续
查看版本
cat /proc/version
cat /etc/redhat-release
uname -a
查看Linux系统有哪些硬件
[root@study log]# lspci
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev )
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev )
[root@study log]# lspci -v
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
Flags: fast devsel
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev ) (prog-if 8a [ISA Compatibility mode controller, supports both channels switched to PCI native mode, supports bus mastering])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency
[virtual] Memory at 000001f0 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at 000003f0 (type , non-prefetchable)
[virtual] Memory at (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at (type , non-prefetchable)
I/O ports at d000 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: ata_piix
Kernel modules: ata_piix, pata_acpi, ata_generic
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter (prog-if [VGA controller])
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
Memory at e0000000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16M]
Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled]
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
Subsystem: Intel Corporation PRO/ MT Desktop Adapter
Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0000000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K]
I/O ports at d010 [size=]
Capabilities: [dc] Power Management version
Capabilities: [e4] PCI-X non-bridge device
Kernel driver in use: e1000
Kernel modules: e1000
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
I/O ports at d020 [size=]
Memory at f0400000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at f0800000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
Subsystem: Dell Device
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d100 [size=]
I/O ports at d200 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: snd_intel8x0
Kernel modules: snd_intel8x0
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB (prog-if [OHCI])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0804000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
Kernel driver in use: ohci-pci
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
Flags: medium devsel, IRQ
Kernel driver in use: piix4_smbus
Kernel modules: i2c_piix4
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev ) (prog-if [AHCI 1.0])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d240 [size=]
I/O ports at d248 [size=]
I/O ports at d250 [size=]
I/O ports at d258 [size=]
I/O ports at d260 [size=]
Memory at f0806000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K]
Capabilities: [] Power Management version
Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA v1.
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci
[root@study log]#
lspci
修改语系
cat /proc/version
cat /etc/redhat-release
uname -a
[root@study log]# lspci
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev )
:02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter
:03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
:04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
:05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
:06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB
:07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
:0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev )
[root@study log]# lspci -v
:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev )
Flags: fast devsel :01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency :01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE (rev ) (prog-if 8a [ISA Compatibility mode controller, supports both channels switched to PCI native mode, supports bus mastering])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency
[virtual] Memory at 000001f0 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at 000003f0 (type , non-prefetchable)
[virtual] Memory at (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=]
[virtual] Memory at (type , non-prefetchable)
I/O ports at d000 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: ata_piix
Kernel modules: ata_piix, pata_acpi, ata_generic :02.0 VGA compatible controller: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Graphics Adapter (prog-if [VGA controller])
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
Memory at e0000000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16M]
Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled] :03.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev )
Subsystem: Intel Corporation PRO/ MT Desktop Adapter
Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0000000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=128K]
I/O ports at d010 [size=]
Capabilities: [dc] Power Management version
Capabilities: [e4] PCI-X non-bridge device
Kernel driver in use: e1000
Kernel modules: e1000 :04.0 System peripheral: InnoTek Systemberatung GmbH VirtualBox Guest Service
Flags: fast devsel, IRQ
I/O ports at d020 [size=]
Memory at f0400000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at f0800000 (-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K] :05.0 Multimedia audio controller: Intel Corporation 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller (rev 01)
Subsystem: Dell Device
Flags: bus master, medium devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d100 [size=]
I/O ports at d200 [size=]
Kernel driver in use: snd_intel8x0
Kernel modules: snd_intel8x0 :06.0 USB controller: Apple Inc. KeyLargo/Intrepid USB (prog-if [OHCI])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
Memory at f0804000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
Kernel driver in use: ohci-pci :07.0 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev )
Flags: medium devsel, IRQ
Kernel driver in use: piix4_smbus
Kernel modules: i2c_piix4 :0d. SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801HM/HEM (ICH8M/ICH8M-E) SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev ) (prog-if [AHCI 1.0])
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency , IRQ
I/O ports at d240 [size=]
I/O ports at d248 [size=]
I/O ports at d250 [size=]
I/O ports at d258 [size=]
I/O ports at d260 [size=]
Memory at f0806000 (-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=8K]
Capabilities: [] Power Management version
Capabilities: [a8] SATA HBA v1.
Kernel driver in use: ahci
Kernel modules: ahci [root@study log]#
lspci
修改语系
1. 显示目前所支持的语系
[root@test ~]# echo $LANG
2. 修改语系成为英文语系
字体集目录："/etc/sysconfig/i18n",编辑该文件，将字体集更改为“zh_CN.UTF-8”
马上生效的方法是：LANG='zh_CN.UTF-8'
Linux X_window与文本模式的切换
用x_window启动的情况下的切换方法：
- [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [F1] ~ [F6] ：文字接口登陆 tty1 ~ tty6 终端机；
- [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [F7] ：图形接口壁纸
用terminal启动情况下切换方法：
[root@test ~]# startx
前提条件是：
- 你的tty7并没有其他的窗口软件正在运行(tty7必须是空出来的)；
- 你必须要已经安装了X Window system，并且X server是能够顺利启动的；
- 你最好要有窗口管理员，例如GNOME/KDE或者是阳春的TWM等；
- 启动X所必须要的服务，例如字型服务器(X Font Server, xfs)必须要先启动。
CentOS 7 修改启动级别
https://www.cnblogs.com/wangzengyi/p/12434572.html
linux和Windows的相互传递文件
1. Windows主机安装CRT，利用CRT ssh到linux主机；
2. linux主机安装lrzsz软件包
3. Windows上传文件到linux 使用rz---然后输入路径；linux下载文件到Windows使用sz 路径；
备注：不推荐在Windows上写文件上传到linux；
virtualbox linux虚拟机修改mac地址
https://www.cnblogs.com/wangzengyi/p/12553991.html
查看系统SN信息和其他硬件信息
[root@www ~]# dmidecode -t 1
# dmidecode 3.2
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.5 present.
Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes
System Information
Manufacturer: innotek GmbH
Product Name: VirtualBox
Version: 1.2
Serial Number: 0
UUID: 439b3674-df3f-4e8e-8dff-d40814bc02ae
Wake-up Type: Power Switch
SKU Number: Not Specified
Family: Virtual Machine
