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转自：oracle TDE学习系列 (1) — wallet 使用管理
关于oracle wallet，通常称为oracle钱夹，说的通俗一点，oracle wallet是一个用

口令加密的PKCS#12文件，PKCS#12是一个个人信息交换的语法标准，该公钥密码标准

由RSA security 涉及和发布。

我们知道11g的表空间加密依赖于oracle wallet以及wallet中的密钥，对于wallet分为

如下2种：

1. 手动打开的wallet （每次数据库启动以后，需要手动打开wallet）

2. 启动打开的wallet （每次数据库启动以后会启动打开）

如何设置数据库启动以后wallet启启动呢？很简单，通过owm去修改属性即可。

如果是DG环境，oracle推荐使自动的wallet（11g TDE支持dataguard）

创建wallet的方法分别有如下几种：

  --> 手动调用OWM 进行GUI图形界面进行操作

  --> 手工运行mkstore命令创建

  --> alter system set encryption key identified by "xxxxx";

当然我这里图方便直接调用OWM进行创建了，如果是用mkstore命令，那么如下：

  --> mkstore -wrl /home/ora11g/admin/roger/wallet -create

  --> 输入密码（此时的密码是主密钥）

  --> 确认密码

我们这里已经有一个wallet，所以我就直接打开即可，如下：

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@";

ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@"

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28368: cannot auto-CREATE wallet
 
如果出现上面错误，那么可以说手工指定wallet路径，添加如下信息到sqlnet.ora中：

NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(TNSNAMES,EZCONNECT)

ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=(DIRECTORY=/home/ora11g/admin/roger/wallet )))
 
当然，这里的method_data路径必须存在，否则会报错：

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@";

ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@"

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28368: cannot auto-CREATE wallet
 
错误依旧，突然发现该目录是不存在的，手工mkdir创建以下，即可：

[ora11g@11gr2test admin]$ mkdir -p  /home/ora11g/admin/roger/wallet

 

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@";

 

System altered.
 
下面我们手工通过mkstore命令来看看（如下操作我是10204环境中进行）：

[ora10g@killdb ~]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -create

 

Enter password: ******

 

Enter password again: ******

 

==== 这里我输入的wallet密码是www.killdb.com ====

 

==== 将数据库用户roger用户认证信息加入到wallet进行管理 ====

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora

 

# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /home/ora10g/product/10.2//network/admin/tnsnames.ora

# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

 

TEST_10G =

  (DESCRIPTION =

    (ADDRESS_LIST =

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.2.110)(PORT = 1521))

    )

    (CONNECT_DATA =

      (SERVICE_NAME = roger)

    )

  )

 

EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA =

  (DESCRIPTION =

    (ADDRESS_LIST =

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC0))

    )

    (CONNECT_DATA =

      (SID = PLSExtProc)

      (PRESENTATION = RO)

    )

  )
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -createCredential  TEST_10G roger "roger"

 

Enter wallet password: ******

 

Create credential oracle.security.client.connect_string1

 

==== 这里输入的wallet同样是我们前面的www.killdb.com ====

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -createCredential  TEST_10G scott "tiger"

 

Enter wallet password:

 

Create credential Secret Store error occured: oracle.security.pki.OracleSecretStoreException: Credential already exists

 

==== 报错了，提示存在？====
 
google了一下，原理是每个连接字符串只能对应一个数据库用户，那我们就收工在tnsnames.ora中再添加一个即可，如下：

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora

 

# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /home/ora10g/product/10.2//network/admin/tnsnames.ora

# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

 

TEST_10G =

  (DESCRIPTION =

    (ADDRESS_LIST =

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.2.110)(PORT = 1521))

    )

    (CONNECT_DATA =

      (SERVICE_NAME = roger)

    )

  )

 

EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA =

  (DESCRIPTION =

    (ADDRESS_LIST =

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC0))

    )

    (CONNECT_DATA =

      (SID = PLSExtProc)

      (PRESENTATION = RO)

    )

  )

 

TEST_SCOTT =

  (DESCRIPTION =

    (ADDRESS_LIST =

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.2.110)(PORT = 1521))

    )

    (CONNECT_DATA =

      (SERVICE_NAME = roger)

    )

  )
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -createCredential  TEST_SCOTT scott "tiger"

 

Enter wallet password: ******

 

Create credential oracle.security.client.connect_string2

 

==== 创建成功 ====

 

==== 到这里可能有人会问，如何知道哪些用户认证加到wallet了呢？oracle当然也提供了命令，如下：====

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -listCredential

 

Enter wallet password: ******

 

List credential (index: connect_string username)

1: TEST_10G roger

2: TEST_SCOTT scott
 
我们可以发现，目前有2个数据库用户认证加入到wallet了，那么有什么用处呢？请看：

首先我们还得修改sqlnet.ora，添加如下内容：

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ cat sqlnet.ora

 

SQLNET.WALLET_OVERRIDE=TRUE

NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(TNSNAMES,EZCONNECT)

WALLET_LOCATION=(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=(DIRECTORY=/home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet)))
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ sqlplus /@test_scott

 

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production ON Wed Oct 12 08:26:27 2011

Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  ALL Rights Reserved.

 

Connected TO:

Oracle DATABASE 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production

WITH the Partitioning, OLAP, DATA Mining AND REAL Application Testing options

 

SQL> SHOW USER

USER IS "SCOTT"

 

==== 我们可以发现，实现无密码登陆 ====

 

到最后，我想大家会跟我一样还会有个疑问，那就是：如果scott用户更改密码了呢？

那还会有用吗？如果没用的话，是不是需要重建用户的认证呢？

答案是否，oracle还提供了MODIFY功能，如下：

 

SQL> SHOW USER

USER IS "SCOTT"

 

SQL> ALTER USER scott IDENTIFIED BY scott;

 

USER altered.

 

SQL> exit

 

Disconnected FROM Oracle DATABASE 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production

WITH the Partitioning, OLAP, DATA Mining AND REAL Application Testing options

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ sqlplus /@test_scott

 

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production ON Wed Oct 12 08:29:41 2011

 

Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  ALL Rights Reserved.

 

ERROR:

ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied

 

Enter user-name:

 

 

==== 下面进行修改wallet中的scott用户密码认证：====

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet/ -modifyCredential TEST_SCOTT scott "scott"

 

Enter wallet password:

 

MODIFY credential

MODIFY 2

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ sqlplus /@test_scott

 

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production ON Wed Oct 12 08:31:51 2011

Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  ALL Rights Reserved.

 

Connected TO:

Oracle DATABASE 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production

WITH the Partitioning, OLAP, DATA Mining AND REAL Application Testing options

 

==== 既然有了MODIFY，那是否有DELETE呢？当然有，如下：====

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet/ -deleteCredential TEST_SCOTT

 

Enter wallet password: ******

 

DELETE credential

DELETE 2

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -listCredential

 

Enter wallet password: ******

 

List credential (INDEX: connect_string username)

1: TEST_10G roger
 
最后来看看如何设置新的密钥？首先这里我们要弄清楚2个概念：

wallet密码跟我们这里要修改的master key不是一个东西，wallet密码仅仅是你登陆owm或进行wallet

时需要输入的密码，而master key是存在wallet中，用于加密解密数据库的加密列或加密表空间的。

另外还有一个表密钥，如果一个表有多个列需要进行加密，那么在该表上也只会生成一个表级密钥，

当前段用户从该表中取回数据时，会首先取出表密钥然后再取出存在wallet中的master key进行对

表密钥的解密，最后用解密后的表密钥去解密加密的列或表空间数据，最终返回明文数据给用户。

更改wallet key很简单，可以通过owm gui界面进行或如下命令：

orapki wallet change_pwd -wallet <wallet_location>

这里主要测试下master key的更改。

SQL> SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;

 

WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS

-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------

file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               CLOSED

 

SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";

 

System altered.

 

SQL> SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;

 

WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS

-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------

file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               OPEN

 

SQL> conn roger/roger

Connected.

 

SQL> CREATE TABLE ht01 (id NUMBER ENCRYPT,name varchar2(10));

CREATE TABLE ht01 (id NUMBER ENCRYPT,name varchar2(10))

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28361: master KEY NOT yet SET

 

 

SQL> ALTER system SET encryption KEY IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";

 

System altered.

 

SQL> CREATE TABLE ht01 (id NUMBER ENCRYPT,name varchar2(10));

 

TABLE created.

 

SQL> INSERT INTO ht01 VALUES(1314,'killdb');

 

1 ROW created.

 

SQL> commit;

 

Commit complete.

 

SQL> SELECT * FROM DBA_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS;

 

OWNER        TABLE_NAME       COLUMN_NAME      ENCRYPTION_ALG                SAL INTEGRITY_AL

------------ ---------------- ---------------- ----------------------------- --- ------------

ROGER        HT01             ID               AES 192 bits KEY              YES SHA-1

 

SQL> ALTER system SET encryption KEY  IDENTIFIED BY "oraclemaster";

ALTER system SET encryption KEY  IDENTIFIED BY "oraclemaster"

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28353: failed TO OPEN wallet

 

SQL>  SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;

 

WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS

-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------

file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               CLOSED

 

SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";

 

System altered.

 

SQL> SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET;

 

WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS

-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------

file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               OPEN

 

SQL>  SELECT obj#, mkeyid FROM sys.enc$;

 

      OBJ# MKEYID

---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------

     51809 AcNbIDu9IE+6vzrrVp/L4qcAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

 

SQL> SELECT owner,object_name FROM dba_objects WHERE object_id=51809;

 

OWNER                          OBJECT_NAME

------------------------------ --------------------------------------------

ROGER                          HT01

 

SQL> SELECT obj#, mkeyid FROM sys.enc$;

 

      OBJ# MKEYID

---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------

     51809 AcNbIDu9IE+6vzrrVp/L4qcAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

 

SQL> SHOW USER

USER IS "ROGER"

 

SQL> ALTER system SET encryption KEY IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";

 

System altered.

 

SQL> SELECT a.owner, object_name, b.mkeyid

  2    FROM sys.dba_objects a, sys.enc$ b

  3   WHERE a.object_id = b.obj#;

 

OWNER     OBJECT_NAME     MKEYID

--------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------

ROGER     HT01            AUkm6RyZ2084v/KP0PwFGUwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

 

SQL>

 

++++ 我们可以看到，master KEY已经更改。++++

++++ 当然，当我们更改了master KEY以后，我们最好也同时更改下表级密钥。++++

 

SQL> SELECT * FROM ht01;

 

        ID NAME

---------- ----------

      1314 killdb

 

SQL> ALTER TABLE ht01  rekey;

 

TABLE altered.

 

SQL> SELECT * FROM ht01;

 

        ID NAME

---------- ----------

      1314 killdb

 

SQL> SELECT a.owner, object_name, b.mkeyid

  2    FROM sys.dba_objects a, sys.enc$ b

  3   WHERE a.object_id = b.obj#;

 

OWNER              OBJECT_NAME     MKEYID

------------------ --------------- -------------------------------------------------------

ROGER              HT01            AUkm6RyZ2084v/KP0PwFGUwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

 

SQL> ALTER TABLE ht01  rekey;

 

TABLE altered.

 

SQL> SELECT a.owner, object_name, b.mkeyid

  2    FROM sys.dba_objects a, sys.enc$ b

  3   WHERE a.object_id = b.obj#;

 

OWNER              OBJECT_NAME     MKEYID

------------------ --------------- -------------------------------------------------------

ROGER              HT01            AUkm6RyZ2084v/KP0PwFGUwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

 

 

+++++ 既然wallet如此重要，那如何备份wallet？++++++

 

SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet close IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";

ALTER system SET encryption wallet close IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com"

                                         *

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28364: invalid wallet operation

 

SQL> ALTER system SET wallet close;

 

System altered.

 

SQL> ALTER system SET wallet close;

 

System altered.

 

SQL> !
 
[ora10g@killdb ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/net*/admin

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ ls -ltr

 

total 48

-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  172 Dec 26  2003 shrept.lst

drwxr-x---  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Sep 24 05:11 samples

drwx------  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Oct 12 08:06 wallet

-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  488 Oct 12 08:08 listener.ora

-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  712 Oct 12 08:20 tnsnames.ora

-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  181 Oct 12 08:25 sqlnet.ora

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mv wallet wallet_old

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ ls -ltr

 

total 48

-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  172 Dec 26  2003 shrept.lst

drwxr-x---  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Sep 24 05:11 samples

drwx------  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Oct 12 08:06 wallet_old

-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  488 Oct 12 08:08 listener.ora

-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  712 Oct 12 08:20 tnsnames.ora

-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  181 Oct 12 08:25 sqlnet.ora

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ exit

exit
 
SQL> SELECT * FROM roger.ht01;

SELECT * FROM roger.ht01

                    *

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28365: wallet IS NOT OPEN

 

 

SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";

ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com"

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-28367: wallet does NOT exist

 

SQL> !

 

 

[ora10g@killdb ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/net*/admin

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mv wallet_old wallet

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ exit

exit

 

SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";

 

System altered.

 

SQL> SELECT * FROM roger.ht01;

 

        ID NAME

---------- ----------

      1314 killdb

 

==== 对于wallet的备份，我们可以直接拷贝即可如下，当然我这里直接mv测试：====

 

[ora10g@killdb admin]$ cp -r wallet wallet_20111113
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