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Greenplum中角色权限及客户端认证管理

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角色权限及客户端认证管理

GP数据库逻辑结构

在GP中，Database（数据库）、Schema（模式）以及Role（角色）三者之间的关系如下所示：

  • 一个数据库下可以有多个模式，一个模式只属于一个数据库。模式在GP中也被称为Namespace，不同数据库之间的模式没有关系，可以重名；
  • 语言在使用之前必须创建，一个语言只属于一个数据库；
  • 表、视图、索引、序列、函数必须属于一个模式；
  • 一个文件空间可以有多个表空间，一个表空间只属于一个文件空间，文件空间和角色之间没有关系；
  • 表空间和表时一对多的关系，一个模式下的表可以分布在多个表空间下；
  • 除了文件空间之外，其他的权限管理都是通过角色来实现，在这些层次结构中，用户必须对上一层有访问权限才能够访问该层的内容；

什么是角色(role)

  • Role的组成：由用户(User)和组(Group)组成；
  • 跟OS的role没有关系；
  • User通过Master节点登录和认证的；
  • Role是定义在GPDB系统级别的；
  • 初始化SUPERUSERROLE：gpadmin。

角色与权限安全的最佳实践

  • 保护系统gpadmin的用户；
  • 为每个登录的User分配不同的角色；
  • 使用组来管理权限从而实现管理组；
  • 控制具备SUPERUSER属性的User数量。

创建Role

创建用户User Role

使用CREATE ROLE创建一个User Role，语法如下所示： 

template1-# ]\h create role

Command:     CREATE ROLE

Description: define a new database role

Syntax:

CREATE ROLE name [[WITH] option [ ... ]]

where option can be:

      SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER

    | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB

    | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE

    | CREATEEXTTABLE | NOCREATEEXTTABLE

      [ ( attribute='value'[, ...] ) ]

           where attributes and values are:

           type='readable'|'writable'

           protocol='gpfdist'|'http'|'gphdfs'

    | INHERIT | NOINHERIT

    | LOGIN | NOLOGIN

    | CONNECTION LIMIT connlimit

    | [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'

    | VALID UNTIL 'timestamp'

    | IN ROLE rolename [, ...]

    | ROLE rolename [, ...]

    | ADMIN rolename [, ...]

    | RESOURCE QUEUE queue_name

例如： # CREATE ROLE mavshuangWITH LOGIN; 

template1=# CREATE ROLE mavshuang WITH LOGIN;

NOTICE:  resource queue required -- using default resource queue "pg_default"

CREATE ROLE

ALTER ROLE属性

使用ALTER ROLE修改角色的属性，语法如下所示： 

template1-# \h alter role

Command:     ALTER ROLE

Description: change a database role

Syntax:

ALTER ROLE name RENAME TO newname

ALTER ROLE name SET config_parameter {TO | =} {value | DEFAULT}

ALTER ROLE name RESET config_parameter

ALTER ROLE name RESOURCE QUEUE {queue_name | NONE}

ALTER ROLE name [ [WITH] option [ ... ] ]

where option can be:

      SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER

    | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB

    | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE

    | CREATEEXTTABLE | NOCREATEEXTTABLE

      [ ( attribute='value'[, ...] ) ]

           where attributes and values are:

           type='readable'|'writable'

           protocol='gpfdist'|'http'|'gphdfs'

| INHERIT | NOINHERIT

    | LOGIN | NOLOGIN

    | CONNECTION LIMIT connlimit

    | [ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED] PASSWORD 'password'

    | VALID UNTIL 'timestamp'

创建组Group Role

使用CREATE ROLE创建一个GroupRole:

=#CREATE ROLE admin CREATEROLE CREATEDB; 

template1=# \du

                        List of roles

 Role name |              Attributes              | Member of

-----------+--------------------------------------+-----------

 admin     | Create role, Create DB, Cannot login |

 gpadmin   | Superuser, Create role, Create DB    |

 mavshuang |                                      |

添加或删除Member(UserRole)

使用GRANT关键字授权，使用REVOKE关键字取消授权； 

template1=# \h GRANT

Command:     GRANT

Description: define access privileges

Syntax:

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }

    [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON [ TABLE ] tablename [, ...]

    TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { USAGE | SELECT | UPDATE }

    [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON SEQUENCE sequencename [, ...]

    TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | CONNECT | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON DATABASE dbname [, ...]

    TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON FUNCTION funcname ( [ [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [, ...] ] ) [, ...]

    TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON LANGUAGE langname [, ...]

    TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON SCHEMA schemaname [, ...]

    TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON TABLESPACE tablespacename [, ...]

    TO { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT role [, ...] TO username [, ...] [ WITH ADMIN OPTION ]

GRANT { SELECT | INSERT | ALL [PRIVILEGES] }

..ON PROTOCOL protocolname

..TO username
template1=# \h REVOKE

Command:     REVOKE

Description: remove access privileges

Syntax:

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

    { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }

    [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON [ TABLE ] tablename [, ...]

    FROM { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...]

    [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

    { { USAGE | SELECT | UPDATE }

    [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON SEQUENCE sequencename [, ...]

    FROM { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...]

    [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

    { { CREATE | CONNECT | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON DATABASE dbname [, ...]

    FROM { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...]

    [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

    { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON FUNCTION funcname ( [ [ argmode ] [ argname ] argtype [, ...] ] ) [, ...]

    FROM { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...]

    [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

    { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON LANGUAGE langname [, ...]

    FROM { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...]

    [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

    { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON SCHEMA schemaname [, ...]

    FROM { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...]

    [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

    { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

    ON TABLESPACE tablespacename [, ...]

    FROM { username | GROUP groupname | PUBLIC } [, ...]

    [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ ADMIN OPTION FOR ]

    role [, ...] FROM username [, ...]

    [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
template1=# GRANT admin TO mavshuang;

GRANT ROLE

template1=# \du

                        List of roles

 Role name |              Attributes              | Member of

-----------+--------------------------------------+-----------

 admin     | Create role, Create DB, Cannot login |

 gpadmin   | Superuser, Create role, Create DB    |

 mavshuang |                                      | {admin}

template1=# REVOKE admin FROM mavshuang;

REVOKE ROLE

template1=# \du

                        List of roles

 Role name |              Attributes              | Member of

-----------+--------------------------------------+-----------

 admin     | Create role, Create DB, Cannot login |

 gpadmin   | Superuser, Create role, Create DB    |

 mavshuang |                                      |

赋予合适的权限给GROUP ROLE

=#GRANT ALL ON TABLE mytable TO admin;

=# GRANT ALL ON SCHEMA myschema TO admin;

=# GRANT ALL ONDATABASE mydb TO admin;

获取管理属性 

testdw=# \h SET ROLE

Command:     SET ROLE

Description: set the current user identifier of the current session

Syntax:

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] ROLE rolename

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] ROLE NONE

RESET ROLE

管理对象权限

对象类型

权限

Tables, Views, Sequences

SELECT

INSERT

UPDATE

DELETE

RULE

ALL

External Tables

SELECT

RULE

ALL

Databases

CONNECT

CREATE

TEMPORARY | TEMP

ALL

Functions

EXECUTE

Procedural Languages

USAGE

Schemas

CREATE

USAGE

ALL

每个对象的权限必须被独立的授权

使用GRANT SQL命令给指定的Role授权一个对象

=# GRANT INSERT ON mytable TO mavshuang

使用DROP OWNED和REASSIGN OWNED命令来取消Role的Owner权限

=# REASSIGNOWNED BY mavshuang TO tom;

=# DROP OWNED BYmavshuang; 

testdw=# \d   通过\d命令行查看表相关信息包括模式，名称、类型、所有者以及存储方式

                List of relations

 Schema |    Name     | Type  |  Owner  | Storage

--------+-------------+-------+---------+---------

 public | tb1_test_01 | table | gpadmin | heap

( row)

模拟Row或者Column级别的权限控制:本身不支持Row和Column级别的访问控制，可以通过View方式模拟。

密码加密

GPDB4.2.1版本之前，密码默认使用MD5加密,MD5加密目前可以被破解但消耗成本太高。从4.2.1版本开始，开始使用SHA-256加密，美国国家安全局使用此方法加密。

基于时间的登录认证

访问限制可以控制到具体时间点。时间约束仅仅对于设置的Role有效。比如晚上8点到凌晨6点用于跑批处理程序；早8点到下午6点用于开发用户使用等；

需要的权限： 只有SUPERUSER（比如gpadmin）或者具备CREATEROLE权限是必须的。

如何添加时间约束： 在CREATE ROLE或者ALTER ROLE的时候使用 DENY 关键字来实现：
1、某天或者某个时间访问限制；
2、一个有开始时间和结束时间的访问控制

指明日期和时间:

英文表述

数字表述

DAY 'Sunday'

DAY 0

DAY 'Monday'

DAY 1

DAY 'Tuesday'

DAY 2

DAY 'Wednesday'

DAY 3

DAY 'Thursday'

DAY 4

DAY 'Friday'

DAY 5

DAY 'Saturday'

DAY 6

TIME ‘14:00’ (24小时格式的时间)

TIME '02:00 PM' (12小时格式的时间)

TIME ‘02:00’ (24小时格式的时间) 等价于 TIME '02:00 AM'.

如何添加时间约束

指定时间间隔
通过BETWEEN和AND关键字连接两个日期/时间。

BETWEEN DAY 'Monday' AND DAY 'Tuesday'

BETWEEN DAY 'Monday' TIME '00:00' ANDDAY 'Monday' TIME '01:00'

BETWEEN DAY 'Monday' TIME '12:00 AM'AND DAY 'Tuesday' TIME '02:00 AM'

BETWEEN DAY 'Monday' TIME '00:00' ANDDAY 'Tuesday' TIME '02:00'

BETWEEN DAY 1 TIME '00:00' AND DAY 2TIME '02:00'

注意 ：日期间隔不能跨Saturday(周六)
Incorrect : DENY BETWEENDAY 'Saturday' AND DAY 'Sunday‘ 

testdw=# \! date   通过该命令查看当前日期

Mon Mar  :: CST

删除时间约束
使用ALTER ROLE命令接DROP DENYFOR关键字
原则：有交集即移出
ALTER ROLE mavshuang DROP DENYFOR DAY ‘Monday’;

配置客户端认证

允许连接到GPDB，通过pg_hba.conf文件；该文件在Master和Segment节点上都存在；

包含每行一条记录的平面文件，格式： 

Remote:host database role CIDR-address authentication-method

Unix-domain:local database role authentication-method

默认Master主机pg_hba.conf文件

允许SUPERUSER的本地连接；但不允许远程连接。

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